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1993-05-03
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
Contact: Franklin O'Donnell
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 17, 1993
Three interplanetary spacecraft will be tracked for three
weeks in March and April in a NASA-European Space Agency
experiment attempting to detect long-sought-after gravitational
waves.
In the experiment, scientists will look for slight changes
in the frequency of radio signals sent from Earth and echoed back
by the Mars Observer, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft.
Any such frequency shift, they say, could be caused by a
passing gravitational wave emitted by a collapsing black hole or
other distant celestial event.
The experiment will run from March 21 to April 11.
"Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational
waves in his theory of general relativity, and radio astronomy
observations of pulsars have suggested they indeed exist -- but
no one has ever detected a gravitational wave directly," said Dr.
John W. Armstrong of JPL, who will work with the Mars Observer
and Galileo spacecraft.
According to Einstein, waves of gravity are emitted by
astrophysical bodies undergoing extreme acceleration. The waves
themselves are ripples in the fabric of space-time moving at the
speed of light.
Some cosmic events major enough to produce gravitational
waves that could be detected near Earth include collapses of
masses of stars in the hearts of galaxies and the spiraling
together and collision of two black holes.
Detection of gravitational waves will give scientists new
information on the interiors of these catastrophic events.
Sensitive interferometer antennas are being built in the United
States and Europe to search for gravitational waves with
wavelengths of thousands of kilometers.
"In addition to searching for the shorter waves that can
affect antennas here on Earth, we can use radio signals sent to
spacecraft hundreds of millions of kilometers away to search for
waves of much longer wavelength," said Dr. Frank B. Estabrook of
JPL, who will work with the Galileo spacecraft.
If strong enough, a passing gravitational wave will warp the
fabric of space between the spacecraft and Earth so that the
frequency of the spacecraft's radio signal changes.
During the experiment, the antennas of NASA's Deep Space
Network on Earth will beam radio signals to the three spacecraft
at precisely known frequencies. Each spacecraft will be
configured to send signals back to Earth at whatever frequency it
receives. After these signals are finally received back at
Earth, the total frequency change is measured.
The hydrogen maser clocks that control the DSN transmitters
and receivers are so accurate that scientists will be able to
detect a change in radio frequency of as little as a few parts in
a quadrillion (1 followed by 15 zeroes).
"This should allow us to detect gravitational waves from
objects such as massive pairs of black holes hidden in the hearts
of other galaxies," said Hugo D. Wahlquist of JPL, who will work
on the Ulysses spacecraft with Sami W. Asmar of JPL, Prof. Bruno
Bertotti of the University of Pavia, Italy, and Prof. Luciano
Iess of the University of Rome La Sapienza.
The experiment will be the first time observations have been
made simultaneously with multiple spacecraft, which will greatly
increase the reliability of any detection.
Scientists acknowledge, however, that snaring a
gravitational wave during the experiment will depend on a good
bit of luck -- whether or not a suitable astronomical event
happens to occur during the three-week opportunity when data can
be taken. The three spacecraft will all be in the night sky at
that time, so interference with their radio signals due to
charged particles in the solar wind will be at a minimum.
Mars Observer, launched in September 1992, will reach the
red planet Aug. 24 of this year. Launched in 1989, NASA's
Galileo spacecraft will arrive at Jupiter in 1995. The joint
NASA-European Space Agency Ulysses spacecraft was launched in
1990 to fly over the sun's poles in 1994 and 1995.
Gravitational wave research is supported by the Astrophysics
Division of NASA's Office of Space Science and by each of the
three spacecraft projects, which scheduled the search during
their interplanetary cruises.
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3-16-93 FOD
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